Malefica
The Evolution of Malefica: From Roman Poisoner to Diabolical Witch
Abstract
The term malefica (plural maleficae), originating from classical Latin, carries a rich and violent semantic history. Initially denoting a female poisoner or harmful sorceress in Roman legal texts, the term underwent a profound transformation during late antiquity and the Middle Ages, becoming synonymous with the diabolical witch. This paper traces the linguistic, legal, and theological evolution of malefica, examining its role in the construction of female evil, its treatment in Roman and canon law, and its ultimate fusion with the early modern witch-hunts. By analyzing primary sources from Pliny the Elder to the Malleus Maleficarum, this study argues that malefica represents a critical juncture where fear of feminine subterfuge merged with Christian heresy, leading to centuries of persecution.
The Malefica Archetype
The Dark Enchantress: Unveiling Malefica Malefica
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