Protein: Energy Malnutrition Ppt 2021

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), also known as protein-energy undernutrition, is a serious condition resulting from a deficiency of dietary protein and/or energy (calories). It primarily affects children under 5 years old in developing countries but can also occur in elderly individuals in industrialized nations due to chronic disease or social isolation. Classification of PEM

Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is a spectrum of pathological conditions resulting from a lack of dietary protein and energy, primarily affecting children in developing countries. As of 2024–2025, global data shows that approximately 295 million people Protein Energy Malnutrition Ppt

1. Hypoglycemia prevention.
2. Hypothermia management.
3. Rehydration (ReSoMal – low sodium, high potassium).
4. Electrolyte correction.
5. Treat infection (broad spectrum antibiotics).
6. Micronutrients (Vitamin A, zinc, iron later).
7. Initiate F-75 diet (low protein, low calories, high electrolyte). Phase 2: Rehabilitation
8. Catch-up growth with F-100 or ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF).
9. Sensory stimulation and emotional care.
10. Follow-up and vaccination.

| Feature | Marasmus (Non-edematous PEM) | Kwashiorkor (Edematous PEM) | | --- | --- | --- | | Cause | Chronic total calorie deficiency | Acute protein deficiency (often with adequate calories) | | Age | Usually under 1 year | Usually older toddler (18-24 months) | | Appearance | “Old man’s face” – severe wasting | Moon face, puffy, swollen belly | | Edema | Absent | Present (pedal, periorbital) | | Skin changes | Dry, thin, wrinkled | Dermatosis (“flaky paint” or mosaic skin) | | Hair changes | Sparse, thin | Dyspigmentation (flag sign), brittle | | Appetite | Often ravenous | Usually poor or absent | | Fatty liver | Absent | Common | | Serum albumin | Normal or mildly low | Very low | Hypoglycemia prevention